Liquefaction of gases and discovery of superconductivity: two very closely scientific achievements in low temperature physics

Liquefaction of helium and the discovery of superconductivity are two of the most striking developments in low temperature physics. The fact that both were carried out in the laboratories of Kamerlingh Onnes at Leiden is not mere coincidence; the first one was indispensable for the researches that led to the second one. On the same way, liquefaction of helium was the consequence of several decades of efforts addressed to the process for liquefy the so-called then ‘permanent gases’. A whole study of this remarked subject must then include developments that extended, in his decisive step, more than a half of a century and that connect researches of many scientists throughout several European countries.